Exploring Role of Adipose Organ and Dysmetabolic Effects of Adiposity: Over-Nutrition, Nutrient Overload, Insulin Resistance, T2DM and Other Fallouts- Crimson Publishers
Exploring Role of Adipose Organ and
Dysmetabolic Effects of Adiposity: Over-Nutrition, Nutrient Overload, Insulin
Resistance, T2DM and Other Fallouts by Vinod Nikhra in Research in Medical &
Engineering Sciences
The complex adipose organ
It has highly plasticproperties to reprogram
its genes and transdifferentiate reversibly into cells with different structure
and functions.The adipose organ plays important role in health and disease
states including obesity and MetS and fulfils several crucial survival needs
like thermogenesis, storage of energy and fuel for metabolism, immune
responses, sexual development around puberty, reproductive function and
lactation. Further, as an endocrine organ, it secretes several peptides termed
adipokines, including adiponectin and leptin.
Adiposity and metabolic mechanisms
The rising prevalence of obesity and MetS in
recent decades reflects increased calorie consumption though diets rich in fat
and refined carbohydrates, leading to over-nutrition and nutrient overload
which in due course leads to nutritional toxicity, endangering the
intracellular organelle and impairing intracellular and intercellular metabolic
processes. The adipose tissue protects the vital organs through expansion of
the WAT, through an upsurge in the adipocytecellsize and formation of new white
adipocytes, and adiposity can, thus, be regarded a way to deal with nutritional
excess. The IR linked to adiposity can also be regarded a measure to control
excess nutrients entry into cells, endangering vital intracellular organs.
The excess folic acid and obesity link
Folic acid influences energy as well as lipid
metabolism by modifying DNA synthesis and gene expressions and contributes to
alterations in metabolism. In the animal model, the EFA with a HF diet were
related to significant weight and fat mass gain. Thus, EFA may intensify weight
increase, adiposity and inflammatory response in setting of increased fat
dietary intake.
Metabolic fallouts of adiposity/obesity
The adipose tissue relates to about 20% of
body weight in lean individuals and to 50% or more body weight in extremely
obese. The adipose tissue organ has white, beige and brown adipocytes for
specialized functions, and their coordinated action ensure an optimal metabolic
homeostasis. The adiposity is a crucial factor in development of metabolic
diseases including DM, and high BMI, T2DM and IR are closely linked. With
obesity, the levels of NEFAs, adiponectins, cytokines and proinflammatory
markers like NNF-α and IL-6 involved in the genesis of IR, are increased, and
with metabolic dysfunctions, there occur derangements of carbo-lipid and global
metabolic homeostasis. Normally, there is a dynamic feedback relationship
between β-cells function and insulin-sensitive response in tissues. The failure
of the intricate process and sustained decline in β-cell function result in
dysregulation of glucose levels and worsening ofT2DM.
Future projections and options
Both obesity and T2DM represent a global
public health crisis brought about by rapid westernization, nutritional alterations
transition and increasingly sedentary lifestyles. Controlling and treating
Obesity as well as T2DM and their fallouts require a thoughtful long-term
planning and rational use of limited resources in developing countries with
scarce resources. Further, owing to the wide range of therapeutic interventions
and options available, the treatment algorithm is ridden with complexity.
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